In recent years, 3D printing has become increasingly available and popular among both professionals and hobbyists. What is 3D printing and how does it work?
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of making a three-dimensional object from a digital model. Unlike traditional methods that involve cutting, grinding or shaping materials, a 3D printer “builds” the object, layer by layer, until the final shape is formed.
1. From idea to model-digital preparation
It all starts with an idea that we turn into a digital 3D model. The Model can be designed using CAD software (ex. Fusion 360, Blender, Tinkercad) or can be obtained by scanning an existing object with the help of a 3D scanner.
Once we have a model, it is necessary to prepare it for printing via the so-called. "slicer" software. It "cuts" the model into thin horizontal layers and generates instructions (G-code) that the printer understands.
2. Material selection
The most commonly used materials in 3D printing are:
- PLA (polylactic acid: ideal for beginners, and for various figures and objects.
- PETG: durable and resistant to moisture.
- ABS: solid, but requires precise temperature control.
The choice of material depends on what the finished item will be used for, whether for decoration, prototype, functional tool or in various industries.
3. Printing process
When everything is ready, the printer starts printing the object, layer by layer. Each layer is between 0.1 mm and 0.3 mm thick, depending on the settings. During the process, the nozzle (eng. nozzle) heats the filament to the melting point and precisely lays it on the work surface.
Print times can range from a few minutes for simple items, to multiple hours for more complex models, whether printed in a piece or in multiple parts.
4. Finishing
After the print is finished, the object can be further processed – by grinding, painting, varnishing or even gluing several parts into one whole. In professional products, post-processing is often used for added strength and visual effect.